VEE finance has released a report about the recent security incident. In the report, they state that the main cause is “Manipulating the price of the Vee Finance oracle machine and the acquisition of the oracle machine price were not processed for decimals, resulting in the expected slippage check before the swap did not work.”
“The main cause of the accident was that in the process of creating an order for leveraged trading, only the price of the Pangolin pool was used by the oracle as the source of price feed, and the pool price fluctuated more than 3%. The oracle refreshed the price, causing the attacker to manipulate the price of the Pangolin pool. Manipulating the price of the Vee Finance oracle machine and the acquisition of the oracle machine price were not processed for decimals, resulting in the expected slippage check before the swap did not work.” — quoted from the report released by VEE finance.
However, after our careful investigation, we find this may NOT be the case. The real reason is that the attacker creates a FAKE ctokenB and passes to the contract. Since the ctokenB is controlled by the attacker, it can return an arbitrary underlying token that is used for calculating the token price. This is the real root cause of the attack.
The Whole Process
There is an external function called createOrderERC20ToERC20 that can be invoked by any users to create a token swap, using the ctoken obtained through putting the collateral into the contract. The ctoken has an underlying token that represents the real token.
In a normal case, when invoking thecreateOrderERC20ToERC20 to trade a token pair using leverage, the dapp needs to ensure that the trade cannot make any loss (otherwise, the dapp will lose money). This is enforced by invoking the getAmountOutMin function.
Say we put 0.95 ETH into the dapp and get a ctoken that worths 0.5 ETH (Overcollateralization). Then we can use use the 3x leverage to ask the dapp to trade 1.5 ETH for another token (say tokenX), on behalf of the user. In this case, to prevent the loss, the dapp needs to ensure that the value of the traded tokenX cannot be under 0.95* 1.5ETH (otherwise, the dapp has the risk to lose money). The dapp leverages an external price oracle to calculate the value of ETH and tokenX.
However, the function createOrderERC20ToERC20 does not validate the passedctokenB. Thus, the attacker could implement his/her own contract as a ctokenB and feed it to the function createOrderERC20ToERC20. As a result, this fake ctokenB can return the underlying token as LINK (0x5947bb275c521040051d82396192181b413227a3) when being invoked in createOrderERC20ToERC20 and getAmountOutMin, but return the underlying token as BTC when being invoked in IPriceOracle(oracle).getUnderlyingPrice(createParams.ctokenB). Thus it can bypass the check isRightPrice — since the token used to calculate the price is BTC (instead of LINK). This can be confirmed by the returned value of the priceB — 0x15e1549d1216fe9fc032e7c00000 (443783124870000000000000000000000). This is the price of BTC.
Conclusion
In summary, the attacker exploits the missing check of the ctokenB. Since the ctokenB is not a trusted one, then the underlying token returned by ctokenB cannot be trusted. However, the price oracle has NOT been compromised in this attack.
Takeaway
Making a DeFi project secure is not an easy job. Besides the code audit, we think the community should take a proactive method to monitor the project status, and block the attack before it even takes place.
About BlockSec
BlockSec is a pioneering blockchain security company established in 2021 by a group of globally distinguished security experts. The company is committed to enhancing security and usability for the emerging Web3 world in order to facilitate its mass adoption. To this end, BlockSec provides smart contract and EVM chain security auditing services, the Phalcon platform for security development and blocking threats proactively, the MetaSleuth platform for fund tracking and investigation, and MetaSuites extension for web3 builders surfing efficiently in the crypto world.
To date, the company has served over 300 esteemed clients such as MetaMask, Uniswap Foundation, Compound, Forta, and PancakeSwap, and received tens of millions of US dollars in two rounds of financing from preeminent investors, including Matrix Partners, Vitalbridge Capital, and Fenbushi Capital.
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