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#8 邦尼事件:重复小额提款导致舍入误差累积,造成840万美元损失

Code Auditing
February 12, 2026

2025年9月2日,Bunni V2协议遭受了一次复杂的攻击 [1]。攻击者利用其流动性核算机制中的一个关键漏洞,从以太坊上的USDC/USDT流动性池 [2] 和 Unichain 上的weETH/ETH流动性池 [3] 中提取了约840万美元。

根本原因是协议在移除流动性时更新闲置池余额存在舍入错误。该错误导致合约中总流动性被严重低估,从而产生了理论流动性和实际流动性之间可被利用的差异。攻击者随后执行了精确的夹击攻击,以从这种价差中获利。

此次事件直接导致Bunni协议遭受了严重的财务损失,该协议随后于2025年10月23日宣布破产 [4]。

背景

Bunni V2是一个建立在Uniswap V4之上的自动化做市商(AMM)协议。它通过钩子机制实现核心逻辑,并在Uniswap V3的集中流动性算法基础上进行创新,旨在为流动性提供者(LPs)提供更高的资本效率 [5]。

具体而言,该协议主要通过再抵押功能和再平衡机制来提升LP的回报。前者将流动性分配给外部的收益生成协议,保障了基础流动性,同时捕获额外的外部收益。后者则持续优化流动性在价格区间内的分布,增加了资本的活跃利用率,以提高交易费用收入。这两种机制是协议在基础集中流动性模型上的核心创新。

再抵押

为了提高流动性提供者的回报,Bunni V2采用再抵押策略。该策略将资金分配到不同的头寸:

  • rawBalance(原始余额):代币池储备的一部分直接存储在Uniswap V4的contract PoolManager中。这作为促进交易的即时可用流动性。
  • reserves(储备):剩余部分存入指定的ERC4626金库。这使得用户可以在这些资产上赚取额外的外部收益。

因此,池的总资产定义为:池资产 = rawBalance + reserves 的基础金额

再平衡

为了增加交易费用收入,Bunni V2实施了再平衡机制,该机制会监控时间加权平均价格。当价格变化超过阈值时,流动性将根据流动性分布函数(LDF)重新分配到不同的价格区间。

这种重新分配可能会改变LDF所需的代币比例,导致一种代币的盈余。这种盈余被定义为闲置余额。

因此,流动性分为两部分:

  • Active Balance(活跃余额):LDF分配的、参与流动性计算的部分。
  • Idle Balance(闲置余额):未用于活跃流动性的盈余。

因此,池资产 = 活跃余额 + 闲置余额

关键函数:流动性计算和移除

此次攻击利用了两个关键函数:queryLDF()withdraw()queryLDF() 函数用于计算交易的池流动性,而withdraw() 函数允许用户按比例移除流动性。

queryLDF() 函数

由于再抵押策略,基础资产的数量是动态的,Bunni V2不存储固定的“总流动性”值。相反,协议提供了queryLDF()函数,以便在发生交易时检索实时流动性 [6]。此函数的执行过程包含以下四个步骤:

  1. 查询流动性密度:

    1. 调用流动性密度函数ldf.query(),获取当前价格区间外的流动性密度。
    2. 调用LiquidityAmounts.getAmountsForLiquidity(),获取当前价格区间内的密度。
    3. 计算两种代币在两个方向上的总流动性密度,分别表示为totalDensity0totalDensity1。 值得注意的是,LiquidityAmounts.getAmountsForLiquidity()函数采用向上舍入(ceiling rounding)的方式,以确保计算出的代币数量不会小于理论值。
  2. 计算可用余额 用于流动性计算的可用余额分别表示为balance0balance1。闲置余额从对应代币的总余额中扣除,不包括不参与流动性计算的资金。 在此次攻击中,池的闲置资金由token0组成,计算公式如下:

    • balance0=rawBalance0+reserve0idleBalancebalance0 = rawBalance0 + reserve0 - idleBalance
    • balance1=rawBalance1+reserve1balance1 = rawBalance1 + reserve1
  3. 估算有效流动性

    1. 根据实际可用余额(balance0balance1)和计算出的总密度(totalDensity0totalDensity1)估算每种代币可支持的流动性。
    2. 选择两者中较小的值作为最终的有效总流动性。 公式如下:

    L=min(balance0totalDensity0,balance1totalDensity1)L= min(\frac{balance0}{totalDensity0},\frac{balance1}{totalDensity1})

  4. 计算活跃余额

    根据确定的总流动性,协议计算出用于交易的实际代币数量。这被定义为活跃余额。

withdraw() 函数

Bunni V2提供withdraw()函数用于移除流动性。用户移除的流动性与其在池总资金中的份额成正比。协议按相同比例更新rawBalancereservesidleBalance。调整公式如下:

(rawBalance,reserves,idleBalance)=(rawBalance,reserves,idleBalance)×(1sharestotalSupply)(rawBalance, reserves, idleBalance) \\= (rawBalance, reserves, idleBalance) \times (1-\frac{shares}{totalSupply})

其中:

  • shares 是用户移除的流动性份额数量;
  • totalSupply 是该池的总流动性代币供应量。

漏洞分析

漏洞源于withdraw()函数在计算闲置余额的调整金额时使用了向下舍入(floor rounding)。这导致了闲置余额的估算过高。

回想一下可用余额公式**balance=rawBalance+reserveidlebalancebalance = rawBalance + reserve - idle balance**。估算过高的闲置余额直接导致用于流动性计算的可用余额(balance0)被低估。因此,估算出的有效总流动性也被低估。根据Bunni的事故复盘报告 [7],这种在流动性计算中的舍入方向是故意采用的。较低的计算流动性值会导致交易时价格影响更大。

这种设计依赖于一个关键假设:两种代币之间的余额比例保持相对平衡。在流动性充足的正常条件下,为每种代币分别估算的总流动性值通常接近。因此,舍入错误的影响是有限的。然而,当携带闲置余额的代币的可用余额变得极低时,缺陷就暴露出来了。在这种情况下,向下舍入的错误会显著放大。

攻击者通过执行一系列小额提款,将token0的可用余额从28 wei舍入到4 wei,从而利用了这个漏洞。这一降幅远远超出了实际烧毁的流动性份额的比例。与此同时,token1的可用余额保持相对正常水平。这种不平衡造成了一个巨大的套利窗口。下一章节将提供详细的数值分析。

攻击分析

以以太坊交易 [2] 为例,攻击者执行了一个三阶段的攻击:

  • 第一阶段,攻击者通过操纵价格,大幅耗尽了USDC(token0)的可用余额。这创造了放大后续舍入错误所必需的初始条件。
  • 第二阶段,通过一系列小额提款执行了核心攻击,导致协议低估了池的实际流动性。
  • 第三阶段,攻击者执行了两次定向交易,套利了协议低估的流动性与池的实际流动性之间的差异,最终获利。

阶段一:操纵价格并减少目标代币余额

攻击者执行了三次交易,将USDC(token0)相对于USDT(token1)的价格从初始的tick=-1操纵到tick=5000。主要目的是耗尽池中USDC的活跃余额,将其降低到极低的28 wei水平。这为下一阶段放大舍入错误创造了必要的初始条件。

阶段二:利用提款放大流动性差异

攻击者通过withdraw()函数发起了44次小额提款。由于该函数在更新闲置余额时使用了向下舍入,协议的闲置余额被高估。这进一步导致queryLDF()函数中的USDC可用余额被低估。在重复操作后,USDC可用余额从28 wei异常压低至4 wei。这代表实际减少了85.7%,远远超过了所移除流动性份额的理论比例(即700000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000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Tracing $1.6B in TRON USDT: Inside the VerilyHK Ponzi Infrastructure
Case Studies

Tracing $1.6B in TRON USDT: Inside the VerilyHK Ponzi Infrastructure

An on-chain investigation into VerilyHK, a fraudulent platform that moved $1.6B in TRON USDT through a multi-layered fund-routing infrastructure of rotating wallets, paired payout channels, and exchange exit funnels, with traced connections to the FinCEN-sanctioned Huione Group.

Weekly Web3 Security Incident Roundup | Mar 30 – Apr 5, 2026
Security Insights

Weekly Web3 Security Incident Roundup | Mar 30 – Apr 5, 2026

This BlockSec weekly security report covers nine DeFi attack incidents detected between March 30 and April 5, 2026, across Solana, BNB Chain, Arbitrum, and Polygon, with total estimated losses of approximately $287M. The week was dominated by the $285.3M Drift Protocol exploit on Solana, where attackers combined multisig signer social engineering with Solana's durable nonce mechanism to bypass a zero-timelock 2-of-5 Security Council, alongside notable incidents including a $950K flash loan TWAP manipulation against the LML staking protocol, a $359K Silo Finance vault inflation via an external `wstUSR` market donation exploiting a depegged-asset oracle and `totalAssets()` accounting flaw, and an EIP-7702 delegated-code access control failure. The report provides detailed vulnerability analysis and attack transaction breakdowns for each incident, covering flawed business logic, access control, price manipulation, phishing, and misconfiguration attack types.

Drift Protocol Incident: Multisig Governance Compromise via Durable Nonce Exploitation
Security Insights

Drift Protocol Incident: Multisig Governance Compromise via Durable Nonce Exploitation

On April 1, 2026 (UTC), Drift Protocol on Solana suffered a $285.3M loss after an attacker exploited Solana's durable nonce mechanism to delay the execution of phished multisig approvals, ultimately transferring administrative control of the protocol's 2-of-5 Squads governance with zero timelock. With full admin privileges, the attacker created a malicious collateral market (CVT), inflated its oracle price, relaxed withdrawal protections, and drained USDC, JLP, SOL, cbBTC, and other assets through 31 rapid withdrawals in approximately 12 minutes. This incident highlights how durable nonce-based delayed execution can decouple signer intent from on-chain execution, bypassing the temporal assumptions that multisig security implicitly relies on.

Best Security Auditor for Web3

Validate design, code, and business logic before launch. Aligned with the highest industry security standards.

BlockSec Audit